ジョン・ロールズ (John Rawls), 1921-2002

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　現代のハーバード大の哲学者。一番有名な本『正義論』(1971) で、ロールズは「原初状態 (original position)」の発想を提案した。これは思考実験で、合理的な人々が集まって何か自分たちにとっての公正の原理（たとえば所得分配）を確立しなければならないのだけれど、でもその原理が自分たちに適用される際に、自分がどういう地位に置かれるかは自分ではわからない、というものだ。ロールズはこの装置を使って、最適な仕組みは「社会の最も劣位に置かれた人物の福祉を最大化することだ」と論じた。これはつまり実質的に、博愛主義的な「代替なし (no-substitution)」の 社会厚生関数ということになる。

ジョン・ロールズの主要著作

• "Outline of a Decision Procedure for Ethics", 1951, Philosophical Review
• "Two Concepts of Rules" 1955, Philosophical Review
• "Justice as Fairness", 1957, J of Philosophy 邦訳『公正としての正義』(田中成明編訳、木鐸社, 1979)
• "The Sense of Justice", 1963, Philosophical Review
• "Constitutional Liberty and the Concept of Justice" 1963, Friedrich and Chapman, eds., Nomos, VI: Justice
• "Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play", 1964, in S. Hook, ed., Law and Philosophy
• "Distributive Justice", 1967, in Laslett and Runciman, eds., Philosophy, Politics, and Society
• "The Justification of Civil Disobedience", 1969, in Bedau, ed., Civil Disobedience
• Theory of Justice, 1971. 邦訳『正義論』(川本隆史、福間聡、 神島裕子訳、紀伊國屋書店, 2010)
• "Justice as Reciprocity", 1971, in Gorovitz, ed., Utilitarianism
• "Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play", 1971, in Murphy, ed., Civil Disobedience and Violence
• "Some Reasons for the Maximin Criterion", 1974, AER
• "Fairness to Goodness", 1975, Philosophical Review
• "A Kantian Conception of Equality", 1975, Cambridge Review
• "The Basic Structure as Subject.", 1977, American Philosophical Quarterly
• "Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory" 1980, Journal of Philosophy
• "The Basic Liberties and Their Priority", 1982, in McMurrin, ed., Tanner Lectures on Human Values
• "Social Unity and Primary Goods", 1982, in A. Sen and B. Wiliams, eds., Utilitarianism and Beyond
• "The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus", 1987, Oxford Journal for Legal Studies
• "The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good.", 1988, Philosophy & Public Affairs
• "The Domain of the Political and Overlapping Consensus", 1989, NYU Law Review
• "Themes in Kant's Moral Philosophy", 1989, in Forster, ed., Kant's Transcendental Deductions
• The Law of Peoples", 1993, Critical Inquiry
• Political Liberalism, 1993
• The Law of the Peoples, 1999. 邦訳『万民の法』(中山竜一訳、岩波書店、2006)
• Collected Papers, 1999
• Lecture on the History of Moral Philosophy, with Barbara Hermann, 2000. 邦訳『ロールズ哲学史講義 上』『ロールズ哲学史講義 II』(坂部 恵 他訳、みすず書房, 2005)
• Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, with Erin Kelly, 2001. 邦訳『公正としての正義　再説』(田中成明、亀本洋、平井亮輔訳、岩波書店, 2004)
• Lecture on the History of Political Philosophy, with Samuel Freeman, 2008. 邦訳『ロールズ政治哲学史講義 I』『ロールズ政治哲学史講義 II』(斉藤潤一他訳、岩波書店, 2011)

ジョン・ロールズに関するリソース

• HET ページ: パレート体系：社会的最適性
• John Rawls Homepage at Harvard (Philosophy dept.)
• John Rawls's Homepage at Harvard (Center for Ethics and the Professions)
• John Rawls: A Selected Bibliography
• "John Rawls's Theory of Justice" - slideshow by Allan Blackman
• "Original Position" at International Encycl. of Philosophy
• "John Rawls and Justice as Fairness" by Loren A. King
• "Portrait: John Rawls" by Ben Rogers, 1999, Prospect
• "Behind the Veil: John Rawls's Revival of Liberalism", by Ben Rogers, Lingua Franca
• "John Rawls: A Calvinist After-Image" by Michael Weinstein
• "John Rawls's Political Liberalism" by Ted Vaggalis
• "Notes on the contrast between Habermas and Rawls" by Thomas McCarthy, 1994
• "Rawls痴 Strangely Apolitical Political Liberalism" by Thomas Bridges
• "Rawlsian Reasonableness and the Creation of Citizens" by Thomas Bridges
• "Rawls and the Rethinking of the Priority of the Right over the Good" by Thomas Bridges
• "Post-Metaphysical Liberalism: The Case of Rawls" by Thomas Bridges
• "John Rawls: Liberty" by R.J. Kilcullen
• "Review of Rawls' Collected Papers" by Andrew Carpenter
• Life and Work of John Rawls by Lynette Sweidel
• Rawlsian Liberalism by R. Johnson
• Rawlsian Glossary at Stanford
• Rawlsian Glossary at Brisbane, UK
• John Rawls's biography
• John Rawls timeline
• John Rawls at Philosophy Pages
• John Rawls page at Erratic Impact
• Rawls's Theory of Justice at Applied Ethics
• John Rawls page at the Public Philosopher
• Rawls page at Thinkquest
• Theory of Justice Outline by Darrell Huwe
• Discussion page on Rawls's theory

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