ミルトン・フリードマン (Milton Friedman), 1912-2006

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　二十世紀最大級に影響力のあった経済学者にして、政治評論家、エッセイスト。近年の経済学者の中では最も有名な人物かもしれない。ケインズ経済学者に対する厳しい反対者だったフリードマンは、1960 年代と 70 年代初期の ケインズ派正統教義に対する「マネタリスト」的なシカゴ学派を生み出した (マネタリズム概要も参照)。

　フリードマンの初期の貢献は、「消費における定常所得仮説」 (1957), リスク忌避とリスク愛好の定式化 (1948, L.J. サヴェッジと共著)、企業の理論における進化論の活用、経済学における「実証的 (positivist)」手法の提案 (1953) などだ。

　フリードマンのケインズ理論に対する重要な批判は、1956 年の「数量説再説」における IS-LM 二元論への攻撃で始まった——要するにケインズ派に対して「お金だって大事だよ」と思い出させたのだ。これに続いて、アンナ・Ｊ・シュゥォーツとの膨大な歴史研究『アメリカ金融史』 (1963) が登場し、お金と所得の因果関係に関する有名な論争の口火が切られた。 アメリカ経済学会の有名な会長演説で、フリードマンは 1970 年代にフィリップス曲線の関係が崩壊していることを指摘し、それに替わる「自然失業率」を提案した——この概念は後にニュークラシカル派たちがきちんと定式化した。

　フリードマンは経済政策の各種の面について精力的に執筆した。一般にかれは、ケインズ派が提案したような、政府の意図に基づく経済の「微調整」はやめて、がっちりした「ルール」に基づく政策——特にかれの「マネーサプライ成長」ルールで置き換えるべきだと主張した。またもっと一般に、自由放任政策を主張する通俗書も何冊か書いている。フリードマンはノーベル記念経済学賞を1976年に受賞した。2006 年死亡。

ミルトン・フリードマン主要著作

• "Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk" with L. Savage, 1948, JPE.
• "A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability", 1948, AER.
• "Some Comments on the Significance of Labor Unions for Economic Policy", 1951, in D. McC. Wright, editor, The Impact of the Union. New York: Harcourt Brace.
• "Commodity-Reserve Currency", 1951, JPE
• "The Expected-Utility Hypothesis and the Measurability of Utility", with L. Savage, 1952, JPE
• "The Methodology of Positive Economics" in Friedman, 1953 (excerpts)
• Essays in Positive Economics, 1953.
• "The Quantity Theory of Money: A restatement", 1956, in Friedman, editor, Studies in Quantity Theory.
• A Theory of the Consumption Function, 1957.
• "The Supply of Money and Changes in Prices and Output", 1958, in Relationship of Prices to Economic Stability and Growth.
• A Program for Monetary Stability, 1959.
• "The Demand for Money: Some theoretical and empirical results", 1959, JPE
• "The Lag in Effect of Monetary Policy", 1961, JPE
• Capitalism and Freedom, 1962.
• "Should There be an Independent Monetary Authority?", in L.B. Yeager, editor, In Search of a Monetary Constitution
• Inflation: Causes and consequences, 1963.
• A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, with Anna J. Schwartz, 1963.
• "Money and Business Cycles" with A.J. Schwartz, 1963, REStat.
• "The Relative Stability of Monetary Velocity and the Investment Multiplier in the United States, 1898-1958", with D. Meiselman, 1963, in Stabilization Policies.
• "A Reply to Donald Hester", with D. Meiselman, 1964, REStat
• "Interest Rates and the Demand for Money", 1966, JLawE
• "What Price Guideposts?", in G.P. Schultz, R.Z. Aliber, editors, Guidelines
• "The Role of Monetary Policy: Presidential Address to AEA", 1968, AER
• "Money: the Quantity Theory", 1968, IESS
• "The Definition of Money" with Anna J. Schwartz, 1969.
• The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays, 1969
• "Comment on Tobin", 1970, QJE
• Monetary Statistics of the United States: Sources, methods. with Anna J. Schwartz, 1970.
• "A Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis", 1970, JPE.
• The Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory. 1970.
• "A Monetary Theory of National Income", 1971, JPE
• "Comments on the Critics", 1974, in Gordon, Milton Friedman and his Critics.
• Monetary Correction: A proposal for escalation clauses to reduce the cost of ending inflation, 1974
• "Comments on Tobin and Buiter", 1976, in J. Stein, editor, Monetarism.
• "Inflation and Unemployment: Nobel lecture", 1977, JPE.
• Free to Choose: A personal statement, with Rose Friedman, 1980
• "Interrelations between the United States and the United Kingdom, 1873-1975.", with A.J. Schwartz,, 1982, J Int Money and Finance
• Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom: Their relations to income, prices and interest rates, 1876-1975. with Anna J. Schwartz, 1982
• "Monetary Policy: Tactics versus strategy", 1984, in Moore, editor, To Promote Prosperity.
• "The Case for Overhauling the Federal Reserve", 1985, Challenge
• "Has Government Any Role in Money?" with Anna J. Schwartz, 1986, JME
• "Quantity Theory of Money", in J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, P. Newman, editors, The New Palgrave
• "The Case for Free Trade" with Rose Friedman, 1997, Hoover Digest
• "George J. Stigler, 1911-1991: Biographical Memoir", 1998, at NAS (pdf version)
• Two Lucky People, with Rose Friedman.

ミルトン・フリードマンに関するリソース

• HET Pages: Monetarism, Risk Aversion
• Milton Friedman Papers at the Hoover Institution.
• Hoover Institution page on Friedman.
• Autobiography of Friedman at Nobel site.
• Press release of Nobel award (1976).
• "Milton Friedman's Surprising Secret", Boston Globe, 1992
• "Labels and Substance: Friedman's Restatement of the Quantity Theory" by Daniel J. Hammond, 1999, HOPE
• "Review of Hammond's Theory and Measurement" by A. Hirsch, 1999, HOPE
• "Friedman and the Walrasian Equations of the Natural-Rate Counter-Revolution" by Robert Leeson.
• "Early Patinkin-Friedman Correspondence" by Robert Leeson.
• "Patinkin, Johnson and 'The Shadow of Friedman'" by Robert Leeson.
• "The Chicago Counter-Revolution and the Sociology of Economic Knowledge" by Robert Leeson.
• "Is Milton Friedman a Keynesian?" by Roger W. Garrison, 1992, in Skousen, ed. Dissent on Keynes
• "Friedman's "Plucking" Model" by Roger W. Garrison, 1996, Econ Inquiry
• The Milton and Rose Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice
• Free to Choose (audio and video streams) - Milton Friedman's 1980 PBS Television Show at Idea Channel
• Idea Channel's Page of Web Links on Milton Friedman
• Region's interview with Friedman.
• Reason's interview with Friedman.
• Interview with Friedman in Hoover Digest
• Reviews of "Two Lucky People" (1999) by National Review, Fortune, Economist
• Biography of Friedman.
• Friedman Page at Laura Forgette
• Milton Friedman at Univ. Marburg
• Friedman Page at Britannica.com
• Friedman page at Britannica Guide to the Nobel Prizes
• Friedman Page at Nobel Prize Internet Archive
• Friedman page at PEI
• Friedman at Bartleby
• Money as Value Page on Friedman.
• The Milton Friedman Ring (!) - various resources.
• "Free to Choose" - PBS Series at Idea Channel.
• Personal Tribute to Friedman by Michael Hodges.
• Personal Tribute by Garret Christensen
• (Not Very Nice) Personal Opinion of Milton Friedman by Pierre Rinfret
• Milton Friedman receives a coconut-creme pie in the face from the Biotic Baking Brigade - image, press release

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