William Graham Sumner, 1840-1910

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Influential Yale professor and Social Darwinist, American counterpart of the British evolutionary theorist, Herbert Spencer. Defended radical laissez-faire as being justified by laws of evolution (esp. 1883). Instrumental in reforming the American university system away from its old "divinity-classics" roots and towards modernism. His famous analysis of social norms are contained in his 1907 book.

Major Works of William Graham Sumner

• "The Causes of the Farmer's Discontent," 1873, Nation
• History of American Currency: with chapters on the English bank restriction and Austrian paper money : to which is appended "The bullion report", 1874
• "Monetary Development", 1875, Harper's
• "Politics in America, 1776 - 1876", 1876, NAR
• Lectures on the History of Protection in the United States, 1877
• "What Our Boys are Reading", 1878, Scribner's
• "The National Bank Circulation", 1878, Scribner's
• "Professor Walker on Bi-Metallism,", 1878, Nation
• "Socialism", 1878, Scribner's
• "The Commercial Crisis of 1837", 1879 Scribner's
• "Bimetallism", 1879, Princeton Review
• "The Theory and Practice of Elections", 1880, Princeton Review
• "The Argument Against Protective Tariffs", 1881, Princeton Review
• "Shall Americans Own Ships?", 1881,
• "Sociology", 1881, Princeton Review
• "Wages", 1882, Princeton Review
• Andrew Jackson as a Public Man, 1882
• "Protective Taxes and Wages", 1883, NAR
• "The Absurd Effort to Make the World Over", 1883 (extracts)
• What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, 1883. (extract)
• "The Survival of the Fittest", 1884, Index
• "Sociological Fallacies", 1884, NAR
• "Evils of the Tariff System", with D.A. Wells, T.G. Shearman, J.B. Sargent, 1884, NAR
• "Shall Silver be Demonetizied?", 1885, NAR
• Collected Essays in Political and Social Science, 1885
• "Mr. Blaine on the Tariff", 1886, NAR
• "State Interference", 1887, NAR
• Protectionism: the -ism which teaches that waste makes wealth, 1887.
• Alexander Hamilton, 1890
• The Financier & the finances of the American Revolution, 1891
• A History of Banking in all the leading nations, 1896
• "On Empire and the Philippines", 1898 (extract)
• "The Conquest of the United States by Spain", 1899, Yale Law Journal (copy)
• Folkways: a study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals, 1906
• War and Other Essays, 1911
• Earth-hunger and other essays, 1913
• The Challenge of Facts and Other Essays, 1914 (extract, extract)
• "The Forgotten Man", 1916?
• The Forgotten Man, and Other Essays, 1917
• Science of Society, with A.G. Keller, 1927.

Resources on W.G. Sumner

• "Review of Sumner's History of American Currency", 1874, North American Review
• "William Graham Sumner" by Robert C. Bannister, 1991, at Swarthmore
• "Works of W.G. Sumner" compiled by Robert C. Bannister
• "On a New Philosophy: That Poverty is the Best Policy" (Ch. I of something)
• W.G. Sumner Page
• "William Graham Sumner-- Social Darwinism and neo-liberalism in defense of laissez-faire
  capitalism", lecture by Joseph Boland at Oregon
• Sumner entry at Bartleby
• Biography of Sumner at Wisconsin
• Social Norms,
• Portrait of Sumner at Boondocks.net
• Portrait of Sumner at Duke University
• The Debate Over Government Regulation - Housing in the early 19th Century
• Short Sumner Bio
• Sumner on Reform

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